solar constant การใช้

• In 1838, Claude Pouillet made the first estimate of the solar constant.
• These observations were designed to ascertain the " solar constant of radiation ".
• Lovelock and Watson demonstrated the stability of Daisyworld by making its solar constant.
• Solar radiation pressure is calculated from the solar constant.
• The solar constant is thus expressed at the thermopause.
• In 1884, Samuel Pierpont Langley attempted to estimate the solar constant from Mount Whitney in California.
• A 1903 Langley bolograph with an erroneous solar constant of 2.54 calories / minute / square centimeter.
• He developed a pyrheliometer and made, between 1837 and 1838, the first quantitative measurements of the solar constant.
• In 1954 the solar constant was evaluated as 2.00 cal / min / sq cm ?2 %.
• The solar constant includes all wavelengths of solar electromagnetic radiation, not just the visible light ( see Electromagnetic spectrum ).
• This data will ensure continuity of the solar constant level obtained by instruments mounted on free flyers, over climate time-scale duration.
• The SOLCON instrument is designed to accurately measure the solar constant and identify variations in the value during a solar cycle.
• This amounts to about 1366 watts per square meter ( the solar constant ), which is mostly retained due to the greenhouse effect.
• For example, it easily determines the effect on average earth temperature of changes in solar constant or change of albedo or effective earth emissivity.
• The discovery toppled centuries of assumptions about the Sun's steadiness and overturned the modern dogma that its radiated energy represents a " solar constant ."
• The zero-dimensional model above, using the solar constant and given average earth temperature, determines the effective earth emissivity of long wave radiation emitted to space.
• During these years the observatory was dedicated mainly to the study of possible variations in the solar constant and the effects of such variations on the weather.
• As an astrophysicist, he researched the solar constant, research that led him to invent the solar cooker, solar boiler, solar still, and other patented solar energy inventions.
• Measurements of the radiative output, or solar constant, seem to justify the first assumption, and the record of periodicity in sunspot numbers is taken as evidence of the second.
• The quantity of solar energy striking the Earth's surface ( solar constant ) averages about 1, 000 watts per square meter under clear skies, depending upon weather conditions, location and orientation.